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Chemotherapy

Overview

Chemotherapy uses anti-cancer drugs to kill cancer cells or slow their growth. Treatment also affects healthy cells; whereas healthy cells have the capacity to regenerate, cancerous cells do not.

Chemotherapy uses anti-cancer drugs to kill cancer cells or slow their growth. It is usually given when the prostate cancer is recurrent or metastatic or if the cancer is no longer responding to hormone therapy.

Chemotherapy is usually a systemic treatment. This means that drugs travel through the bloodstream to reach and destroy cancer cells throughout the body, including those that may have become detached from the primary tumor in the prostate.

Procedures

Chemotherapy medications can be given intravenously (into a vein), through an intravenous (IV) tube, or by using a syringe as an intramuscular (into the muscle) or subcutaneous (under the skin) injection. Chemotherapy drugs can also be given orally as a pill or liquid.

The procedure used to give you your drugs depends on the type of cancer and chemotherapy. You may receive your treatment in a hospital, clinic, doctor’s office, or at home.

Is it for you

Because chemotherapy targets fast-growing cancer cells, it is not usually recommended for men in the early stages of prostate cancer when it is still growing slowly.

Chemotherapy is most often used to treat men with prostate cancer that is recurrent or has spread to another part of your body following hormone therapy.

Chemotherapy plays an important role in the treatment of prostate cancers that are no longer responding to hormone therapy (hormone-resistant, castration-resistant or androgen-independent).

Research protocols are ongoing to determine the drug’s potential in combination with other treatments such as radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy for patients with more aggressive cancers.

Reasons for choosing chemotherapy

Chemotherapy can help men with prostate cancer to:

  • slow the spread of cancer
  • prolong your life
  • relieve pain or delay late-stage symptoms

Types of chemotherapies

The chemotherapeutic agents most commonly used in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer are:

Docetaxel (used in combination with prednisone* or prednisolone*) has been shown to prolong survival when used to treat hormone‑resistant cancer.

Cabazitaxel is an anti‑cancer drug used with prednisone to treat patients with prostate cancer that has spread beyond the prostate and that has been previously treated with docetaxel.

Docetaxel and cabazitaxel have been shown to help men live longer, on average, than older chemotherapeutic drugs. They can slow the growth of cancer and also reduce symptoms, resulting in a better quality of life.

Castration-resistant prostate cancer

Without detectable metastasis

Castration-resistant prostate cancer without detectable metastasis is currently one of the most studied area in prostate cancer research.

In recent years, some new generation anti-hormonal drugs in the form of tablets – apalutamide (Erleada), enzalutamide (Xtandi) or darolutamide (Nubeqa) – have been shown to be effective in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer, without metastases, but with a rapid elevation of their PSA. Your doctor may offer you one of these options if your cancer is at high risk of progression.

If you are at this stage of the disease, you should talk to your doctor about the possibility of participating in a research protocol that will give you access to these new forms of therapy.

With detectable metastasis

Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer is when the cancer has spread to parts of the body other than the prostate, and it is able to grow and spread even though drugs or other treatments to lower the amount of male sex hormones are being used to manage it.

In this type of cancer, diagnostic exams such as bone and CT scans can detect metastasis. Sadly, since curing the disease is no longer possible at this stage, prolonging life and preserving the patient’s quality of life becomes the number one priority.

The doctor attempts to delay complications due to metastasis — pain, bone fractures, weight loss, loss of mobility, etc. — for as long as possible. As soon as the cancer reaches the castration-resistant stage and metastasis is detectable, hormone therapy is no longer enough on its own. Chemotherapy improves the general condition of the patient who begins to be very affected by the disease. Furthermore, while older hormonal treatments are still useful and should continue to be used, the addition of new generation of hormonal agents, such as apalutamide (Erleada), enzalutamide (Xtandi) and abiraterone acetate (Zytiga), offers substantial benefits to patients.

In addition to your cancer treatment, relieving symptoms and side effects is an important part of metastatic cancer care and treatment. Bone pain relievers as well as treatments to strengthen the bones, for example, zoledronic acid (Zometa) or denosumab (Xgeva) and even palliative radiotherapy are prescribed. Dietary supplements (of the Ensure type) and blood transfusions in case of anemia are also useful.

You could also consider participating in a research protocol to benefit from new forms of therapy.

Illustration des traitements de chimiothérapie disponibles pour un  cancer prostate

Advantages and limitations

While this treatment can help to relieve your symptoms, it is not a cure. However, as it affects your entire body, it can help to slow the spread of your cancer no matter where the cancer has spread.

Advantages of chemotherapy

  • Chemotherapy can slow the spread of your cancer.
  • Chemotherapy can treat prostate cancer regardless of where it has spread in your body.
  • Chemotherapy can be used in combination with other treatments.
  • Chemotherapy can relieve late stage cancer pain.
  • Chemotherapy can prolong your life.

Limitations of chemotherapy

  • Chemotherapy can cause side effects that may strongly impact your daily life.
  • Certain side effects will persist for as long as you undergo chemotherapy.

Risks and complications

Side effects will vary depending on the type of drug administered. The following side effects are common with most types of chemotherapy:

  • Gastro-intestinal problems such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
  • Fatigue and anemia
  • Total or partial hair loss
  • Skin sensitivity
  • Vulnerability to infection (most often chest, mouth, throat, and urinary tract infections).
  • Changes in nail texture or colour
  • Infertility

Some side effects can be treated with other drugs, while other side effects will persist for as long as you undergo chemotherapy.

What to expect

Each case is unique

le traitement  d'une chimio  cancer prostate

Specific doses and regimens vary depending on the treatment. Ask your doctor about available treatments.

For docetaxel, for example, the number of injections per week or per month (cycles of chemotherapy) to treat prostate cancer varies depending on your tolerance and response to treatment.

The treatment involves administering docetaxel injections every three weeks. In some cases, the dosage can be reduced and the drug administered once a week to lessen adverse effects on the bone marrow. The treatment takes approximately one half-hour to administer and is given on an out-patient basis at the clinic. Generally, about six to ten cycles are administered.

  • You will work with your healthcare team to create a plan that works for you.
  • You will need to rearrange your schedule, your work and your finances as needed and work as a team with your partner or your family.
  • You will have to travel, to allow time for your preparation for treatment, for the treatment itself and for your recovery after returning home.
  • You will have regular blood tests before each chemotherapy treatment. These tests are done to monitor your blood count as chemotherapy can lower the number of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets in your blood.
  • You will have PSA tests on a regular basis.
  • In case of progression, you may receive another cycle of chemotherapy.

Treatment benefits

suivi médical de l'effet de l'hormonothérapie pour un cancer prostate

The way we determine your treatment is working is by checking if PSA levels have been affected (they should go down or at least stop increasing as fast as before) and if symptoms due to the disease are improving.

Rarely are changes seen on an X-ray, since it is difficult to determine if a treatment is working in the bone. In many patients, improvements in PSA levels and symptoms are seen after few treatments (as few as two docetaxel treatments for example). This is extremely encouraging, and often renews hope and gives patients the motivation to continue their fight against the disease.

New treatments are being researched every day. Consult your doctor about available treatments and if they are for you.

At home

What you may suffer or experience

While chemotherapy kills cancer cells, it can also damage healthy cells. Your body’s cells and tissues do not all react to chemotherapy in the same way.

Side effects can manifest at any point during your chemotherapy. Some side effects occur during treatment while others develop immediately after or a few days or even several weeks later. Most side effects will gradually fade away as your healthy cells recover from the effect of the chemotherapeutic agents.

It is important to inform your healthcare team of any side effects you may experience. Your doctor will grade (measure) how severe the side effects are. If side effects are serious, you may need to adjust your dose, treatment length, or drug combination.

 

Side effects

effets secondaires d la chimio cancer prostate

Chemotherapy is sometimes referred to as the treatment that may make you feel sick in order to get better. Most people fear its side effects, partially because people only hear about the most extreme side effects.

Keep in mind that not everyone experiences serious side effects and that any discomfort is usually temporary.

Side effects vary in type and severity from person to person and from medication to medication. Damage to normal, healthy cells is the cause of side effects. To learn more, For more information, see our section on side effects or visit chemoready.ca, a specialized website on the subject.

Chemotherapy drugs

Docetaxel (Taxotere): Side effects associated with the use of docetaxel include neutropenia (decreased white blood cells), fatigue, hair loss, diarrhea, neuropathy (nervous disorder), limb edema (swelling of the tissues due to water retention) and nail dystrophy.

Cabazitaxel (Jevtana): Side effects related to its use include fatigue, diarrhea, hematuria (blood in the urine), anemia, neutropenia (decreased white blood cells), hair loss and limb edema (swelling of the tissues due to water retention)

Hormone therapy drugs used in combination

Abiratérone (Zitiga): Presents more specific side effects such as hypertension, water retention and swelling, fatigue, urinary infection, cardiac arrhythmia, and liver damage.

Enzatulamide (Xtandi): Can cause headaches, hot flashes, hypertension, back pain, respiratory tract infections, anxiety, diarrhea, fatigue, epileptic seizures, blood in the urine and swelling.

Some men may experience all of the side effects listed above, while others will experience only a few or none at all. Other side effects may occur.

Increased risk of infection

You will be asked to monitor your temperature regularly and notify your doctor if you notice sores that do not heal. The increased risk is due to the decline in white blood cells (neutropenia).

What you can do…

  • Wash hands often, especially before eating and after using the washroom. Carry a small bottle of hand sanitizer to clean your hands when water is not available.
  • Clean any cut at once with warm water, soap and antiseptic.
  • Avoid crowds and people with infections.
  • Cut your nails carefully to avoid cuts.
  • Use an electric razor for shaving.
  • Use gloves for protection when doing activities that may cause injury to the skin.
  • Avoid constipation.
  • Thoroughly wash or peel uncooked fruits/vegetables.
  • Don’t eat undercooked meat or poultry.
  • Don’t clean cat litter boxes or bird cages. Avoid all contact with animal urine and stool.

Fatigue

If you experience fatigue, take care of yourself both emotionally and physically. Limit the number of visitors or length of visits and rest several times during the day.

What you can do…

  • Physical activity can help cope with fatigue.
  • Try to conserve energy by delegating as many tasks as possible or by making them easier. For example, sit down to cook your meals or have someone drive you to your appointments.

Anemia

Chemotherapy causes anemia in some men. Your healthcare team will check to see if you have anemia every time you get a blood test. hen your red blood cell count is too low, your body does not get enough oxygen to do its job properly. This can make you feel unusually tired, extremely fatigued, dizzy or short of breath. Talk to your healthcare team if you notice any of these symptoms.

What you can do…

  • Iron supplementation is provided by means of tablets or directly intravenously, depending on the tolerance and the circumstances.
  • The level of iron can only be improved through diet when iron deficiency is the consequence of an unreasonable diet. Eat a well-balanced diet. Follow your doctor and nurse’s instructions for a diet adapted to your situation and, if recommended, for nutritional supplements.

Gastrointestinal problems

Nausea and vomiting can occur one to three hours after receiving chemotherapy or even two to four days after treatment. Some people experience nausea and vomiting even before starting their next cycle of chemotherapy. This is known as anticipatory nausea and vomiting. For the majority of men, medication is available that can help control these side effects.

Diarrhea can occur soon after chemotherapy starts and can last for up to 2 weeks after the treatment has ended.

What you can do…

  • Talk to your care team. Medications may be prescribed
  • Ask to meet a nutritionist if you have not already done so
  • Practice physical activity or relaxation (yoga, meditation) between treatments

Mouth sores

Regular and thorough oral hygiene can help prevent pain and reduce infection. Your healthcare team will provide guidelines to follow regarding the frequency of cleaning and rinsing of the oral cavity and what products to use. Analgesics or special oral solutions may be needed to relieve pain. A special mouthwash can help minimize mouth sores.

What you can do…

  • Avoid tart, salty, acidic or spicy foods.
  • Drink lots of fluids. This will help the sores heal.
  • Remove dentures frequently to give your gums a rest.
  • Keep your mouth moist. If your mouth is dry, suck a popsicle, ice cube or a hard candy.

Changes to nails

Nail changes are common during chemotherapy and can affect both fingernails and toenails. Your nails can become black, yellow, brittle, cracked, striated, or partially separated from the nail bed. Darkening of the nails usually fades a few months after chemotherapy ends.

What you can do…

  • Using cuticle cream instead of tearing or cutting nail cuticles.
  • Protecting nails by wearing gloves when washing the dishes, gardening, or doing other household chores.

Most men do not get late side effects from chemotherapy; however, some men may experience swelling or tingling in their hands and feet.

For more information, see our section on Nutrition, Living with cancer or visit chemoready.ca, a specialized website on the subject.

Medical follow-up

The importance of follow-ups

le suivi médical d'une chimio  cancer prostate

Follow-up care will be different for every patient.

Once you have finished your chemotherapy treatments, your healthcare team will let you know whether any other treatment is recommended and what your follow-up care will include.

The follow-up care you receive will depend on:

  • the type of cancer
  • where the cancer was in your body when you were diagnosed
  • how successful the chemotherapy was in treating the cancer

Team up with you’re your health care team

Follow-up care is important for both you and your healthcare team.

It helps your healthcare team to monitor your progress and see how well you are recovering from any side effects caused by your chemotherapy treatment. Be sure to keep track of any side effects you may be experiencing. It helps to keep a journal.

Follow-up appointments give you a chance to discuss how you’re feeling. Feel free to also discuss how you felt about having cancer. You can ask questions about your care and anything that you should watch for in the future. You may also want to talk about making healthy changes to your lifestyle or ask about support groups if you do not belong to one already.

Your healthcare team

Your healthcare team will outline the details of your follow-up plan. As well as consultations with your healthcare team, follow-up care may include a physical exam, blood tests and other imaging exams. These tests may be similar to those you had for diagnosis.

The schedule of follow-up visits is different for each person. You might be seen more often in the first year after treatment, and less often after that. Your follow-up care may be managed by your family doctor or your oncologist or haematologist. This may depend on your type of cancer and how successful the chemotherapy was in treating it.

Your follow-up care may be entrusted to your family doctor, oncologist, or hematologist depending on your cancer type and the success of your chemotherapy treatment.

Suggestions and advice

Questions for the medical team

Getting the answers you need means being prepared. Make a list of questions to ask before you meet with your doctor or nurse. Making a list of questions before your doctor’s appointment can be a helpful way to keep track of everything that is on your mind.

  • List the most important questions first.
  • Take a friend or relative with you.
  • Remember that this is not your only chance to ask questions.
  • Try to accept that medicine does not always have a definitive answer.

About side effects

  • Will the cancer therapy I’m receiving cause fatigue, and, if so, how severe will it likely be?
  • Are there any effective treatments to control or relieve my fatigue?
  • What can be done if the treatment doesn’t help?
  • What are the probable side effects of the treatments you propose?
  • Can other healthcare team members help me manage my fatigue?
  • (If you are experiencing fatigue) Is my fatigue caused by anemia, and if so, how will it be treated?
  • What are the most common side effects? How serious are they?
  • How soon will these side effects start and how long will they last?
  • What can I do about these side effects?
  • Are there symptoms that I should call you about right away?
  • Who should I call? After hours?
  • Under what circumstances would my chemotherapy be delayed or reduced?
  • Why may my chemotherapy be delayed or reduced?
  • What can be done to make sure this does not happen?

Clinical trials

  • Are there any current clinical trials relevant to my condition or treatment?
  • If there are, would I be an eligible candidate for these trials?
  • Is there any particular information I should know about these trials?

Before treatment

  • Is there anything I should do before starting chemotherapy?
  • I take medication regularly for other health reasons. Should I keep taking it?
  • Can I take medicine if I get a cold?
  • Can I take vitamins or herbal supplements?
  • Should I eat before my treatment session? After?
  • Are there special foods I should eat or avoid?
  • Can I drink alcohol (beer, wine, spirits) during my treatment?
  • Can I keep working?
  • Are there activities I should avoid while receiving chemotherapy?
  • Who can I contact if I feel emotionally troubled?
  • Are there symptoms that I should call you about right away?
  • Who should I call? After hours?
  • What support services are available in my area?
  • Are there any ongoing clinical trials that I may want to participate in?

During treatment

  • Should I be having this side effect?
  • How long will side effects last?
  • What can I do about these side effects?
  • Are there symptoms that I should call you about right away?
  • Who should I call? After hours?
  • Who can I contact if I feel emotionally troubled?
  • What support services are available in my area?

After treatment

  • Will I need further treatment?
  • Which doctor will be responsible for my follow-up care?
  • How often do I have to see my doctor once my chemotherapy treatment is finished?
  • Will I need follow-up tests?
  • What tests will I need and how often?
  • What do I need to watch for?
  • What do I need to report to my doctor?
  • Who do I contact when I have concerns? After hours?
  • Will my family doctor be involved in my follow-up care? How?
  • What support groups are available in my area?
  • Can I provide support to patients about to receive chemotherapy?

We are here for you

You have questions or concerns? Don’t hesitate. Contact us at 1-855-899-2873 to discuss with one of our nurses specialized in uro-oncology. They are there to listen, support and answer your questions, and those of your family or your loved ones. It’s simple and free, like all of our other services.

Also take the time to visit each of our pages on this website, as well as our YouTube channel, in order to get familiar with the disease, our expert lectures, our section on available resources, the support that is offered to you, our events and ways to get involved to advance the cause.

 

Staying Informed

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The medical content and editorial team at PROCURE
Our team is composed of urologists, and nurses certified in uro-oncology with a deep knowledge of prostate cancer and other diseases related to the genitourinary system. Meet our staff by clicking here.

Sources and references

Last medical and editorial review: April 2023
Written by PROCURE. © All rights reserved

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy involves administering drugs that destroy cancer cells or help slow their growth. The treatment can also damage healthy cells, but these can repair themselves. It is a treatment often used when prostate cancer is recurrent or metastatic and hormone therapy is no longer effective.
 

Chemotherapy is typically a systemic treatment. This means that the drugs travel through the bloodstream to reach and destroy cancer cells throughout the body, including those that may have detached from the primary tumor in the prostate.

Because chemotherapy generally targets rapidly growing cancer cells, it is not recommended for men with early-stage prostate cancer that is growing slowly.

In the case of prostate cancer, chemotherapy is most often used to treat men whose cancer has recurred or spread to another part of the body after hormone therapy.

It plays an important role in treating prostate cancer that has become resistant to hormone therapy (hormone-resistant, castration-resistant, or refractory).

Research protocols are underway to assess the potential of combining chemotherapy with prostatectomy or radiotherapy in patients with more aggressive cancer.

Finding a clinical trial can be a difficult and complex process. That’s why our partner Q-CROC has established Onco+, a free support service offered to anyone looking for a clinical trial in oncology in Quebec.

If you would like to learn more about clinical trials in oncology in Quebec and assess whether participation in a clinical trial could be an option for you, please visit our partner Q-CROC’s website.

Other sites on clinical trials:

Factors justifying this choice

In men with prostate cancer, chemotherapy can help:

  • slow the spread of cancer;
  • prolong life;
  • relieve pain or manage symptoms that may occur at more advanced stages.

The most commonly used chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer are:

  • docetaxel (Taxotere)
  • cabazitaxel (Jevtana)

Docetaxel (used in combination with prednisone or prednisolone) has shown a survival benefit in the treatment of cancer resistant to hormonal therapy.

Cabazitaxel is a chemotherapy drug used with prednisone to treat patients with prostate cancer that has spread outside the prostate and who have already been treated with docetaxel.

Both docetaxel and cabazitaxel have been shown to help men live longer, on average, than older chemotherapy drugs. They can slow the growth of cancer and also alleviate symptoms, resulting in a better quality of life.

 

Castration-resistant prostate cancer

Without metastases

Hormone therapy-resistant prostate cancer without detectable metastases is currently an area of research in the field of prostate cancer. In recent years, some new-generation anti-hormonal drugs in tablet form – apalutamide (Erleada), enzalutamide (Xtandi), or darolutamide (Nubeqa) – have been shown to be effective in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer without metastases with a rapid rise in PSA. Your doctor may suggest one of these options if your cancer is at high risk of progression.

You may also consider participating in a research protocol to benefit from new forms of therapies.

With metastases

Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer occurs when cancer has spread to parts of the body other than the prostate and is capable of growing and spreading even if medications or other treatments aimed at reducing male hormones (testosterone) are used to treat it.

This is the stage of cancer where diagnostic tests such as bone scans or CT scans have detected metastases. At this stage of cancer, unfortunately, we can no longer talk about a cure, and prolonging the patient’s life and quality of life become the priority.

The doctor tries to delay the complications – general impairment, weight loss, pain, and fractures – due to the progression of metastases as much as possible. Indeed, from the moment the cancer becomes resistant to castration and has detectable metastases, symptom relief through hormone therapy is still necessary, but no longer sufficient. Chemotherapy improves the overall condition of the patient who is starting to be very affected by the disease.

In addition, while older hormonal treatments are still useful and should continue to be used, adding a new generation of hormonal agents, such as apalutamide (Erleada), enzalutamide (Xtandi), and abiraterone acetate (Zytiga), offers substantial benefits to patients.

In addition to your treatments, relieving symptoms and side effects is an important part of caring for and treating metastatic cancer. Painkillers are prescribed to relieve pain, both bone and others, treatments to strengthen bones, for example, zoledronic acid (Zometa) or denosumab (Xgeva), and even palliative radiotherapy. Dietary supplements (such as Ensure) and blood transfusions in case of anemia are also helpful.

You may also consider participating in a research protocol to benefit from new forms of therapies.

Although these treatments may help relieve your symptoms, they do not lead to a cure. However, since they act on your entire body, they can help slow down the growth of your cancer, regardless of which parts of the body the cancer cells have spread to.

Advantages of chemotherapy

  • It can slow down the spread of your cancer.
  • It can treat prostate cancer, no matter where it is in your body.
  • It can be used with other treatments.
  • It can alleviate your pain associated with advanced stages of cancer.
  • It can prolong your life.

Disadvantages of chemotherapy

  • It can cause side effects that could have a significant impact on your daily life.
  • Some side effects persist as long as chemotherapy is not discontinued.

Risks and complications of chemotherapy

The specific side effects depend on the type of drugs administered. The following side effects are common with most types of chemotherapy:

  • Gastrointestinal problems such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
  • Fatigue and anemia
  • Total or partial hair loss
  • Skin sensitivity
  • Vulnerability to infections (most commonly chest, mouth, throat, and urinary tract infections)
  • Nail changes
  • Infertility

Image chemo

Each case is unique

The drugs, their dosage, and their mode of administration vary from one man to another.

For docetaxel, for example, the number of injections per week or per month (chemotherapy cycles) to treat prostate cancer varies depending on your tolerance and response to treatment.

Generally, six to ten cycles are prescribed, with one to three treatments every three weeks lasting about 30 minutes per treatment.

  • You will need to work with your healthcare team to create a plan that suits you.
  • You will need to rearrange your schedule, work, and finances as needed and work as a team with your partner and/or loved ones.
  • You will need to travel, allocate time for your treatment preparation, for the treatment itself, and for your recovery once back home.
  • You will have regular blood tests before chemotherapy. These tests are intended to monitor blood counts because chemotherapy can lower the number of white blood cells, red blood cells, or platelets in your blood.
  • You will have PSA tests on a regular basis.
  • In case of progression, you may receive another series of chemotherapy cycles.

Checking the benefits of treatment

To check the benefits of treatment, your PSA level and symptoms due to the disease are observed. Changes in radiological examinations are rarely observed because it is difficult to assess the effectiveness on bone metastases.

However, many patients will see their PSA levels and symptoms improve after just a few treatments (with docetaxel, for example). This improvement often gives patients hope and encourages them to continue their fight against the disease.

New treatments are being researched every day. Consult your doctor about available treatments and whether they are right for you.

 

Returning home

Chemotherapy kills cancer cells, but it can also damage your healthy cells. Cells and tissues in the body do not all tolerate chemotherapy in the same way.

Side effects can occur at any time during chemotherapy. Some occur during treatment, others immediately after, or a few days or even weeks later. They occur because your healthy cells take time to recover from the effects of chemotherapy drugs.

It is important to report your side effects to your healthcare team. Doctors can assess (measure) the severity of some of them. Sometimes, doses, treatment duration, or drug combinations may need to be adjusted if the effects are significant.

 

Side effects

Chemotherapy is often said to be a treatment that makes you sick to help you feel better. Most people fear the side effects of chemotherapy, partly because we mainly hear about the most impressive effects.

Remember that not all patients experience severe side effects, and discomfort caused by them is usually temporary.

The side effects of chemotherapy vary depending on the chemotherapy agent and the patient. In general, the targeting of rapidly dividing cells is responsible for some side effects. To learn more, see our section on chemotherapy-related side effects.

 

Medical follow-up

Follow-up care varies from patient to patient. Once you have completed all your chemotherapy treatments, your healthcare team will tell you if there are other treatments recommended and what your follow-up care will entail.

The follow-up care you receive will depend on:

  • your type of cancer
  • where the cancer was located in your body at the time of diagnosis
  • the success achieved by chemotherapy

Work as a team with your healthcare team

This step helps your healthcare team monitor your progress and check how you are recovering from the side effects caused by your chemotherapy. Make sure to note any side effects you experience. It is helpful to use a personal journal for this purpose.

Follow-up appointments will give you the chance to discuss how you are feeling. Feel free to discuss your emotions about cancer. You can ask questions about your care and things you should watch for in the future.

You can also discuss changes you could make in your life to make it healthier or learn about support groups if you are not already enrolled in one.

 

Your healthcare team

They will outline your follow-up program. In addition to consultations with your healthcare team, follow-up care may include physical exams, blood tests, and other imaging tests. These exams may be similar to those used to diagnose your cancer.

The schedule of follow-up visits is different for each person. You may be asked to meet more often during the first year following the end of your treatment and then at longer intervals.

Your follow-up care may be entrusted to your family doctor, oncologist, or hematologist. This may depend on your type of cancer and the success achieved by chemotherapy in treating it.

Questions for the medical team

To get answers to your questions, you need to prepare. Before meeting with your doctor or nurse, make a list of questions to ask. Making a list of questions before your appointment with your doctor can be a way to put on paper what concerns you.

  • Write down the most important questions on your list first.
  • Bring a loved one with you.
  • Remember that this meeting is not your only chance to ask questions.
  • Try to accept that uncertainty exists; medicine does not have a definitive answer to all questions.

We invite you to visit our page Questions to ask your doctor and healthcare team about advanced prostate cancer. Asking questions will open communication, provide information tailored to your situation, and reduce the stress associated with understanding your treatments.

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Cancer and Nutrition with Dr. Isabelle Huot

This conference provides concrete examples of recommended foods and products for patients.

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Cultivating intimacy during and after prostate cancer

How can couples maintain intimacy during and after prostate cancer treatment? Is it possible to cultivate intimacy?  

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Radical surgery with Kevin Zorn

Learn about robotic radical surgery for prostate cancer and whether it is an option for you.  

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Advanced prostate cancer treatment strategies

Strategies for treating advanced cancer have significantly evolved, offering new options and hope for patients.

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Sources and references
Last medical and editorial review: April 2024. See our web page validation committee and our collaborators by clicking here.

Discover our animated video!

Symptoms, risk and screening
Are you over 50 years old, or have you been having urinary problems for some time now? This video is for you! Several diseases can affect your prostate, and it’s important to detect them early. Let’s take a closer look. 

 

Anatomy

What is the prostate

Illustration de l’appareil de l’homme pour un cancer prostate

The prostate is a gland:

  • Located between the bladder and the penis, just in front of the rectum;
  • Formed of 2 lobes which surround the urethra, a canal that runs through the center of the prostate, from the bladder to the penis, letting urine and sperm flow out of the body;
  • The size of a walnut, which grows larger in size in your forties;
  • That has a soft, spongy texture to the touch like a small, ripe plum.

The prostate is made of:

  • Gland cells that secrete liquids for ejaculation;
  • Muscle cells that participate in the evacuation of your sperm during ejaculation;
  • Fiber cells that maintain the structure of the gland.

Around the prostate, we find:

  • The seminal vesicles, glands that produce sperm and that are located on either side of the prostate;
  • The vas deferens, the tube that carries sperm from the testicle to the seminal vesicles;
  • The nerve bundles that control your bladder and erectile function and that are located on either side of your prostate.

Structure

Three main zones of the prostate

Illustration des 3 zones de la prostate de l’homme cancer prostate

Peripheral zone

  • The peripheral zone is the largest area of the prostate. It can easily be felt by the doctor during a digital rectal exam (DRE).
  • Most prostate cancers start in the peripheral zone.

Transition zone

  • This is the area located in the middle of the prostate, between the peripheral and central areas. It surrounds your urethra that runs through the prostate.
  • With age, the transitional area increases in size until it becomes the largest portion of your prostate. This is called benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or enlarged prostate.

Central zone

  • It is the part of the prostate that is farthest from the rectum. This is why prostate tumors located in this area can not be felt by the doctor during a digital rectal examination.
  • If the doctor is in doubt, the following information will help decide if additional investigation is necessary:
    • Your PSA level
    • Your age and family history
    • Your ethnic origin

Fonction

In short

Illustration d’une prostate saine cancer prostate

Your fertility and natural fertilization

  • It produces … a prostatic fluid rich in enzymes, proteins and minerals that nourishes and protects your spermatozoa.
  • It makes … a protein (APS) that is used to liquefy your sperm to facilitate the mobility of your spermatozoa.
  • It allows … ejaculation by contracting.
  • It promotes … fertility through its enzymes facilitating the penetration of sperm through the cervix.
  • It is not related to the mechanism of erection. Therefore, the origin of erectile dysfunction lies elsewhere.

Additional details

Exocrine Function

The prostate is made up of thousands of tiny fluid-producing glands. Specifically, the prostate is an exocrine gland. Exocrine glands are so-called because they secrete through ducts to the outside of the body (or into a cavity that communicates with the outside). Sweat glands are another example of an exocrine gland.

The fluid that the prostate gland produces forms part of semen, the fluid that carries sperm during orgasm. This fluid, produced in the prostate, is stored with sperm in the seminal vesicles. When the male climaxes, muscular contractions cause the prostate to secrete this fluid into the urethra, where it is expelled from the body through the penis.

Urine Flow

The prostate wraps itself around the urethra as it passes from the bladder to the penis. Prostatic changes can affect urine flow. Increasing the size of the prostate or muscle tone may impede the flow of urine due to the close anatomical relationship between the urethra and the prostate.

Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)

The prostate also produces a protein called prostate-specific antigen (PSA). PSA is released with the ejaculatory fluid and can also be traced in the bloodstream. The testing of PSA levels in the blood is used to detect prostate cancer. The level of PSA in the blood is usually measured in nanograms of PSA per milliliter of blood (ng/mL).

A raised PSA level

Usually, a PSA rate of less than 4 nanograms per milliliter of blood is normal, but age should also be taken into consideration as PSA levels gradually increase with age. A rise in PSA concentration may indicate the presence of:

  • An enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia)
  • An inflammation or infection of the prostate (prostatitis)
  • A prostate cancer

Your doctor will have you undergo other tests to determine the exact cause of the increase in your PSA.

We are here for you

You have questions or concerns? Don’t hesitate. Contact us at 1-855-899-2873 to discuss with one of our nurses specialized in uro-oncology. They are there to listen, support and answer your questions, and those of your family or your loved ones. It’s simple and free, like all of our other services.

Also take the time to visit each of our pages on this website, as well as our YouTube channel, in order to get familiar with the disease, our expert lectures, our section on available resources, the support that is offered to you, our events and ways to get involved to advance the cause..

 

Staying Informed

Pages that might interest you
Want to know more? Just click on one of the links below.

The latest PROCURE news that might interest you
Every week we publish a blog article. Here are some for you.

The medical content and editorial team at PROCURE
Our team is composed of urologists, and nurses certified in uro-oncology with a deep knowledge of prostate cancer and other diseases related to the genitourinary system. Meet our staff by clicking here.

Sources and references

Last medical and editorial review: September 2023
Written by PROCURE. © All rights reserved

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